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health advice
Sunbathing in moderate amounts in most healthy people have a revitalizing effect on the body, leading to the strengthening of immunity and improve health. However, it is important to remember that excessive sun exposure can lead to the development of a number of diseases.
Elena Tretyakova Dermatologist, PhD. med. Sciences, Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute.MF Vladimir
Sunburn - protective melanin pigmentation of the skin that develops under the action of sunlight. Brown pigment melanin contained in the cell, protects the structure from the damaging effect of UV light, so under the influence of the sun to the number of special cells - melanocytes significantly increased. For prolonged sun exposure increases, and the sheer number of melanocytes in the skin. However, under intense and prolonged exposure to sunlight and the amount of the protective function of melanin may be insufficient to protect the body against damage. There is also genetically determined constitutional melanin pigmentation, which determines the color of basic human races. Time in the sun without damage to health is different for each person. Dermatologists, giving advice on sunbathing, take into account the sensitivity of skin, ie, photo type patient.
By the ability to sunbathe in the white race of people providing 4 phototype. People with phototype 1 have light skin, eyes, red hair, and even minimal exposure to the sun gives them a sunburn, but sunburn is never formed. People with phototype 2 is also characterized by light skin, usually bright eyes and hair, they barely tan and easily get sunburn. People with 3 phototype are often dark eyes and hair, swarthy skin, rapid tanning, sun exposure gives them a slight sunburn, which then turns into a tan, often quite intense. 4-th photo type are swarthy and dark-eyed dark-haired people who tan easily, without getting sunburn. 5-th photo type is characteristic of blacks people.Most susceptible to harmful solar radiation people with 1 and 2, the skin phototype.
Cool effect gentle rays
Failure to observe simple rules for staying in the sun can cause skin damage (sunburn, photodermatosis, malignant neoplasm) of varying severity. In recent years, the world is witnessing a steady increase in the incidence photodermatosis and skin cancer, which is primarily associated with increased carcinogenic (causing cancer) of solar radiation. Ultraviolet radiation is divided into two main ranges: UVV - shorter wavelengths, the wavelength of 290-320 nm, and UVA - longer wavelengths, the wavelength of 320-400 nm. The cause of sunburn is overexposure to ultraviolet rays on the skin, especially the spectrum of UVV. Their intensity varies throughout the day and the maximum in the daytime, particularly from eleven to sixteen hours. Under the influence of UVV-ray in 12-24 hours developing painful erythema (redness) of varying severity. Superficial sunburn go away without serious consequences, deep sunburn leads to the formation of long-term non-healing skin defects: erosions and ulcers.However, even superficial repeated sunburns are unsafe for humans and can lead to skin cancer in adulthood. Sunburn can be found at any latitude. Indigenous populations in tropical countries from childhood accustomed to the sun and rarely gets burned. People who come to vacation in sunny countries and conducting a lot of time on the beach, suffer from sunburn more often. While taking certain drugs, hormonal contraceptives, biological additives, as well as certain foods (figs, strawberries, pomegranate juice, etc.) sunburn is stronger, that is, they cause phototoxic reactions. UVA-radiation is 95% of all the rays reaching the skin surface and penetrate deep into it. Total dose of UVA-rays reaching the earth's surface is 10 times higher than that for UVB-rays, since they do not stay with clouds, hardly dispersed into the air, pass freely through the various maloprozrachnye environment, such as glass, and a little bounce off the surface of land and water . We should also note that the intensity of UVA-radiation is not very much changed during the day, that is strong enough rays can damage the deeper layers of skin, not only in the daytime, but in the morning and evening hours. Especially dangerous is that UVA-rays do not cause a person pain, whereas UVB-rays can cause sunburn, which are a natural wake-up call for the body. UVA-rays of the solar spectrum amplify the damaging effect of UVB-rays (erythema, skin cancer). They lead to the formation of free radicals (reactive molecules), which in turn damage the internal components of skin cells, including DNA structure, inhibit the activity of the immune system. These violations of local immunity often contribute to the development of skin infections, such as the appearance after the insolation of herpes and fungal rashes, abscesses, warts, and the formation of cancerous cells. Exposure to direct sunlight at first leads to the appearance of the skin of various benign tumors, especially nevi (moles) and lentigines (age spots). Their number is usually located in direct proportion to the time of human habitation in the sun, and the number and severity of findings to sunburn.Nevi are available for almost every person can be located in different parts of the body. They appear, usually in childhood. However, they should regularly observe the doctor-Dermatooncology, since over time they can transform into a malignant skin tumor (melanoma), especially if the lifestyle and profession of a person associated with prolonged stay in direct sunlight, exposure to ionizing radiation and chemicalsare carcinogenic. Lentigo usually appears in adulthood. 90% of people older than 60 years struck lentigines, but excessive sunbathing can cause this problem at an earlier age (25-30 years). These pigmented lesions are often perceived as an aesthetic defect, and evidence of prolonged sun exposure, which subsequently increases the risk of skin cancers. Photodermatosis (skin diseases, caused by the influence of the sun) affects about 10% of the population, of whom 90% are women. The term "photodermatosis" refers to excessive reaction to light, usually solar, radiation, which develops within minutes, hours or days after exposure and lasts for weeks or months.By photodermatosis include solar urticaria, phototoxic reactions, polymorphous solar dermatitis, a benign year solar dermatitis, lupus and other diseases. Distinguished by appearances, they are all caused by human exposure to ultraviolet rays and have a lot in common. As a rule, photodermatosis develop at a young age (20-30 years). The reason for their appearance is a long and intense exposure to the sun, under whose action in the human body develops various types of reactions: fototravmaticheskie (sunburn), phototoxic, photoallergic. Often, the development of disease contributes to a genetic predisposition to genetically mortgaged weak defensive reaction to the damaging effects of UVA-and UVV-rays. On the skin of such patients may be multiple nodules, spots, blisters in the open areas of the body: face, neck, decollete, dorsal surface of hands, forearms, shins. Special discomfort causes intense itching and rashes in places. Sometimes the rash is accompanied by the development of the phenomena of conjunctivitis (inflammation of the mucous membranes of the eyes), as well as the deterioration of general condition: headache, dizziness, weakness, high or low blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, disturbance chair, chills and fever. Among the chronic photodermatosis Noteworthy solar geroderma - various irreversible and relentlessly progressive skin changes (dryness, wrinkles, senile lentigines, freckles, skin rash in the form of small hemorrhages, bleeding, small nodules, and loss of skin elasticity), due to which patients appear much older his years. The disease develops, usually after 40 years due to repeated exposure to sunlight. Severity of solar geroderma depends on the total radiation dose received from an early age, the duration and intensity of exposure, skin color - is observed more often in white-skinned people with phototype 1 and 2. Prevention of photodermatosis is limited sun exposure, use of protective clothing and sunscreen with a high index of UVB / UVA-protection. The most dangerous pathological processes arising from the carry-over sunburn, are malignant skin diseases: melanoma, basal cell (rodent cancer) and squamous cell skin cancers. Melanoma - the most malignant human tumors.Melanoma appears as asymmetric pigmented, often dark brown or black color heterogeneous tumor formation larger than 5 mm with an irregular blurred edges. The disease is extremely dangerous due to the rapid development of extensive metastases in the internal organs. The tumor may occur at any age, statistically increased incidence is noted from the second decade of life. Development of melanoma associated with UV-irradiation, especially intense and intermittent, as well as sunburn. Almost half of the cases the tumor develops from the preceding melanocytic (pigmented) nevus, which are beginning to change their color, size, shape and texture. Rodent cancer - the most common form of skin cancer, about 20% of people over age 50 suffer from this disease. The main provoking factor in its emergence as an accumulation of doses of solar radiation over many years. Rodent cancer can be either single or multiple, and have different size, shape (stain, nodule, ulcer), color and density. Like any cancer, the hem of her clearly distinguished from healthy skin. Basalioma growing slowly in width, height and the depth of the skin, practically does not give metastases into internal organs. Squamous cell carcinoma is more malignant than the rodent cancer, skin lesions, as is growing rapidly, destroying the underlying tissues can give metastases. The tumor appears as a rule, against precancerous process has various dimensions and shape, looks like a dense telephium with raised edges, often soldered to the underlying tissues. After diagnosis of all malignant tumors of the skin are subject to mandatory removal. ,
Precautionary measures
For the prevention of skin diseases in the origin and development are the decisive role played by exposure to sunlight, it is first necessary to exclude or limit the exposure time and UVA-UVV radiation on humans. Healthy people sunbathing doctors recommend dosed in the morning (before 11:00) and evening (after 16 hours) time. Depending on the skin phototype time in the sun beginning to increase on a daily basis with minimal (few minutes) to several tens of minutes as they become lasting tan. While in the sun it is imperative to use headgear, sunglasses and cosmetics having a UVB-, and UVA-protective filters. Protected from the sun is necessary not only while in the southern latitudes or high in the mountains, but in the spring and summer in the middle lane. Must avoid even superficial sunburn and direct exposure to ultraviolet nevi and moles. In the daytime is safer to be in the shadows, eliminating the hit on the unprotected skin to direct sunlight. It should be remembered that being in the water, on sand, active games and sports activities decrease the protective properties of sunscreen, which requires more frequent their application.Series of sunscreens should be adapted to every skin type, photo type each and every individual in accordance with the received dose of insolation and meet the following requirements: have a wide range of protection against UVB-rays, responsible for the appearance of sunburn and protection of UVA-rays, to ensure long-term photoprotection; be resistant to water and sweat, well tolerated in cases of sensitive skin (do not contain preservatives or perfume additives), have lean texture, easy to apply and absorbs quickly. In addition, the effectiveness of sunscreen should not decrease under the influence of prolonged solar radiation. The index of protection against UVA-rays to denote parameter SPF (English - sun protection factor). It is believed that unprotected skin reddens in an average of 25 minutes after it was framed the bright sun. Dose of solar radiation that we receive during this time, called the minimal erythemal (erythema - redness). Theoretically, SPF-4 allows us to stay in the sun 4 times longer. In the range of manufactured sunscreen sun protection factor by UVB-rays (SPF), typically varies for different phototypes. The presence of drugs of some trace elements and vitamins also contributes sunscreen functions. Thus, sunscreens, based on thermal water contains trace mineral selenium are well known for its ability to mobilize the natural protective functions of the skin against free radicals formed under the influence of UV-rays. Antioxidant properties have vitamins A, E and beta carotene. Sunscreen means exist in the form of various dosage forms: milk, cream, gel, containing no oil spray. Some manufacturers produce tools with the highest protection from the sun, and special creams for children, the gel for sports, are extremely resistant to water and sweat and long-lasting effective during intense sports, milk without perfume additives for very sensitive, prone to allergic reactionsskin. There are special sunscreen creams with tonal effect, a means for problem skin, such as prone to the appearance of acne, or for extra dry skin. To protect the lip pencils are available, lipsticks and lip creams, hair - mousses and foams with sunscreen properties. To moisturize and soften the skin after sunbathing created restore the water-lipid balance after sun creams. Of particular note is that when you visit a tanning danger of photodermatosis and malignant tumors of the skin equivalent Prolonged direct sunlight, which requires special care, compliance with the recommendations of experts, and obligatory use of sunscreen prior to irradiation.Direct contraindication for these procedures are the presence of melanocytic and dysplastic nevi (moles that are already starting to turn into a malignant tumor, can only reveal their doctor), photoallergic reactions, and frequent intense sunburns in the past.Patients suffering photodermatosis who have or had in the past, malignant skin tumors or precancerous dermatosis, sun exposure is contraindicated. From sunscreen cosmetics they recommend special creams with the highest degree of protection that must be applied daily in spring and summer to exposed skin every appearance of the sun. Attend Dermatooncology for routine inspection to such patients is recommended at least 1 time per year.
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